![]() nuclear fission already in operation at an economical level, fusion power would be safer and would have an abundant and cheap supply of fuel easily accessible in water in the form of deuterium. Fusion power would provide a lasting solution to the increasing need for energy by our planet inhabitants which are being seriously worried by the limited supply of coal and oil and by the pollution resulting from their use. ![]() The peaceful use of nuclear fusion appears to be one of the most ambitious project that science is pursuing during the second half of our century. There is, moreover, no generally accepted means of disposing of nuclear waste and this is a growing problem across the world. However, nuclear power remains a controversial source of electric power because of the potential danger in case of an accidental release of radioactive material. All the major reactor manufacturers have developed third-generation reactors that are designed to be safer than those operating today. well as these conventional reactors there have been attempts to develop fast or breeder reactors that can generate their own reactor fuel as well as energy. There are a variety of different fusion reactors in use, including boiling water reactors, pressurized water reactors, and gas-cooled reactors. A nuclear fission reactor harnesses a nuclear chain reaction, normally involving uranium-238. There are two forms of power generation based on nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, but only the former has been deployed commercially. For a range of E×B shear, the dominant mechanism that increases fusion performance is suppression of outward low-k particle flux and increased density peaking. ![]() Projection to ITER is performed with TGLF and indicates a density profile that has a finite scale length due to intermediate-k electron modes at low collisionality and increases the fusion gain. Intermediate and high-k fluctuations appear responsible for the enhanced electron thermal flux, and intermediate-k electron modes produce an inward particle pinch that increases the inverse density scale length. Modeling of the core transport with TGYRO using the TGLF turbulent transport model and NEO neoclassical transport reproduces the experimental profile changes upon application of direct electron heating and indicates that multi-scale transport mechanisms are responsible for changes in the temperature and density profiles. Contrasting discharge phases with ECH + neutral beam injection (NBI) and NBI only at similar rotation reveal higher energy confinement and lower fluctuations when only NBI heating is used. Multi-scale fluctuations measured by turbulence diagnostics spanning long and short wavelength spatial scales impact energy confinement and the scale-lengths of plasma kinetic profiles in the DIII-D ITER baseline scenario with direct electron heating. ![]()
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